The American Revolution as seen by Ken Burns

"The American Revolution" (2025) is a truly mammoth project and requires a more gifted blogger to do it full justice.  Anyone who tackles it is certain to remember some themes more than others, but all the details are important to understand how the colonists were victorious and how the process affects modern day America.  You will get my perspective and if really interested in addition you should seek other viewpoints with different focus points.

The series covers in reasonable detail many battles, both won and lost.  Of interest to me were the many cultural factors that helped the rebel victory and the Loyalist evacuation. 

The story starts with the establishment of the British Empire in the New World.  One historian pointed out that profitability was tied to the percentage of slaves.  Massachusetts was the least profitable in the 13 colonies, South Carolina was more profitable, but the most profitable was Jamaica along with other Caribbean islands where the British stationed the most military troops and ships.

Not covered in the series, but with some relevance was that England had unloaded convicts, political prisoners and prisoners of war as much as 120,000 to the Americas.  In Australia such citizens were critical to the development of that country.  The pamphlet "Common Sense" written by Thomas Paine was very persuasive in turning more colonists against Britain.

Before the Revolution began there were numerous small incidents.  The Boston Tea Party was over taxes without representation.  John Adams successfully defended some British soldiers who had killed some colonists.  The Quebec Act meant to mollify francophone speakers offended the English speaking colonists.   Benjamin Franklin at an early stage tried to organize the 13 colonies for unified action against the British, but after much quarrelling it disbanded.  As rebellious sentiments expanded it became difficult to decide who to trust, rebels or Loyalists.  Although historians describe the conflict as the American Revolution it was somewhat like a Civil War.  There were many colonists satisfied with the status quo and even felt a debt of gratitude to the British. 

A Continental Congress was formed from the 13 colonies to co-ordinate the Revolution and other affairs among the participants.  They initiated a Continental army and found George Washington to lead it.  They developed a currency (a coin was designed by Franklin) that was intended to make payments, but carried little credibility.  They spent much of their time protecting their individual jurisdictions. 

George Washington was noteworthy because he consulted with his generals in forming strategy.  There were many setbacks over the course of the Revolution, but he was persistent and learned from mistakes.

Thomas Jefferson was asked to write a declaration that signalled a justification for independence.   He advocated it was a duty to throw off tyranny and that all men are created equal.  Jefferson was of course a slave holder and it is thought conscious of his slaves.  The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776 and might be considered the official start of the American Revolution.

George Washington had his hands full.  Most of his soldiers were poorly trained, but perhaps more importantly, poorly fed and paid.  Starvation was ongoing especially in winter.  Clothes were difficult to replace and they often took clothes off the dead.  There were contracts, but when they expired the men left.  At one point mutinies among his soldiers was so great that Washington decided on an execution of two ringleaders in front of their men.  

Most financing came from foreign sources.  Robert Morris built his fortune trading goods by ship to the West Indies, Africa (including slaves) and as far away as India.  He became the main financier for the rebels and was an signer of the Declaration of Independence. 

Colonists decided it would be beneficial to defeat the British in Quebec and perhaps make it the 14th colony.  They succeeded in conquering Montreal under General Montgomery who then traveled towards Quebec City to join up with General Benedict Arnold.  However in mid winter and with the British in a better position forced them back.  Retreating back to Montreal, they were also forced out of there.  Alliance with indigenous tribes allowed the British to push rebels back to the 13 colonies. 

The indigenous were independent with tribes that fought each other.  Colonists felt they needed to expand to the west pushing aside Indians.  The tribes had to make decisions.  Altogether there were more of them than of the colonists and many were aware that the colonists chafed at British restrictions that kept them from crossing the Adirondacks.  Towards the end of the Revolution rebels burned many towns of the Six Nations Confederacy.

Some tribes had evolved a democracy that was effective and later studied by some of the nation's founders.  One item dismissed, was that women were given a real voice with some tribes.

The Six Nations Confederacy (Mohawk, Cayuga, Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida and Tuscarora) felt they were in the middle and needed to take a side to survive.  They had fought with the British in the past (against the French).  The key decision was made by Joseph Brant to fight with the British.  His sister Molly was the consort of Sir William Johnson, the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs.  My two children were born in Joseph Brant Hospital in Burlington, Ontario. 

Africans, either slaves or freed or escapees were important.  About 15,000 supported the British if they would gain freedom and Britain, the major slave trader offered freedom for any who would fight against the rebels.  Others, mostly freed wanted to support the colonists, but only about 5,000 joined the rebels.  George Washington who brought a loyal slave with him, rejected recruiting them.  Some said he felt they would be inferior, but others thought he feared encouraging Africans would lead to the loss of slavery.  Slave holders in his  home state of Virginia feared rebellions such as had occurred in Jamaica.  In the end Africans made significant contributions for the rebel cause and also were effective for the British.  Some professional black soldiers had come from what became Haiti 

The British were able to use 30,000 professional soldiers known as Hessians from what later became Germany.  At first they disdained rebel soldiers and especially blacks and indigenous, but gradually came to respect them.  Some of them ended up staying in America.  After a series of defeats, Washington's troops defeated the British at Trenton, New Jersey capturing 1,000 prisoners that proved to a morale booster and a turning point.

Small pox was a concern.  George Washington had suffered it in his youth and was very careful to guard his troops against it using mainly isolation as the alternative.  An available primitive inoculation would have been too disruptive and risky.

A key subordinate was Nathaniel (often spelled Nathanael) Greene who had been in charge of the Rhode Island Army.  Working with Washington he became a Quartermaster General with one success in bringing in a herd of cattle.  He went on to command rebel forces in the South and was the key leader attacking Yorktown.

Quakers had a significant presence, particularly in Pennsylvania, and felt their religion required them to be neutral.  They refused to condemn the British and avoided any aid to the rebels.  Many of the colonists stole supplies from the Quakers.  Some of my Mennonite ancestors lived nearby in Lancaster, Pennsylvania also tried to stay out of the conflict and later (just before the War of 1812) migrated to Canada near Markham, Ontario.

John Paul Jones at a young age was able to work up to a command position in a British ship, but had a legal problem after killing an insubordinate crew member and decided to run away to America.  He had served on a slaving ship, but found that distasteful.  From Virginia he joined the Continental navy such as it was.  He fought successfully against English ships in European waters.  He is considered one of the founders of the U.S. Navy. 

Benedict Arnold had fought early in the Revolution and had been regarded as intelligent and brave.  However he felt he was not given enough credit for his accomplishments while some of his subordinates thought he was corrupt.  He owed money due to a wealthy lifestyle.  In Philadelphia he courted and then married Peggy Shippen from a wealthy Loyalist family.  Soon he switched sides and became a British commander and sent to fight in Virginia.

Benjamin Franklin and John Adams had been sent to Paris to convince the French to support the rebel Americans.  For some frustrating time the news was discouraging and the French could not see any value is backing an army that seemed likely to lose.

The Marquis de Lafayette, a young aristocratic Frenchman came to America looking for adventure contacted Washington and was given command for a few battles.  He returned to France and worked with Franklin and Adams to successfully persuade King Louis XVI to back America.  In 1780 he returned to America promising 6,000 troops and 6 warships. 

Slavery in the south had a negative impact.  Slave owners exempted themselves from military duty and then their overseers in order to keep control of slaves. 

Women played a role supporting their men.  Abigail Adams felt the women deserved the vote and had been a strong support for her husband John Adams.  With no men bringing in money, many women had scrambled to make money some turning homes into boarding houses.  A few became spies.  At one point some of them organized to ask Washington about fund raising to give money for the soldiers, but it was felt they would spend the money on rum. Washington suggested they sew shirts which they did.

Spain decided to help the rebels, but had an ulterior motive.  They defeated the British in the south and re-claimed Florida.

The British had been forced out of most of the north and were determined to hold Yorktown in the south.  This is when the French joined in a big way and forced the British to surrender in 1783.  The British determined that further effort was not worth it.  Britain had a bigger investments in the Caribbean and had shifted resources to protect that part of their Empire.  In England there had been a change in Parliament that favored surrender.

The Loyalists were attacked by the successful rebels and felt unsafe.  Many had been killed and others had property confiscated.  The British negotiated a treaty to ship large numbers of Loyalists, many of whom chose to settle in Canada.  One group of Africans took part, but a section of them broke off and moved to Sierra Leone in Africa.

To the left is a statue in my adopted city of Hamilton, Ontario to commemorate the British Empire Loyalists who played an important role in the development of Canada.

Among the 13 colonies there were many quarrels, soldiers were demanding back pay and others were itching to conquer the west.  The contributions of indigenous tribes were forgotten.  Europeans were dismissive of America developing any cohesion and would likely break into smaller pieces.

However the Americans realized they needed to organize a central government balancing legislative, executive and judicial powers. 

After ratification of the treaty in 1787 to end the Revolution, George Washington relinquished his military power and left for home. A new constitution was ratified in 1788 with elections held from December 15 to January 7th that was easily won by Washington as president with John Adams as Vice President.  He was admired by all Americans and could have been a dictator.  At the end of his second term he passed on his presidency to his successor, John Adams.  The revolutionary idea was that the government gets its power by the consent of the people.

This series requires a lot of talented people to contribute. 

Ken Burns is the key person behind this series.  He is a director and a producer.   Ken  has a long history of dealing with important people and events in depth  and comprehensively such as "The Civil War (1990), "Jazz" (2001), "Baseball" (1994 and 2010), "The Central Park Five" (2012), ""The Roosevelts:  An Intimate History" (2014) "The Vietnam War" (2017). "Hemingway" (2021), "Muhammed Ali" (2021) "Benjamin Franklin" (2022), "The U.S. and the Holocaust" (2022) and "Leonardo Da Vinci" (2024).    see   http://www.therealjohndavidson.com/2024/12/leonardo-da-vinci-ken-burns-version.html  and http://www.therealjohndavidson.com/2022/07/benjamin-franklin-ken-burns.html

Geoffrey C. Ward was the writer.  He has won 6 Prime Time Emmy Awards.  Geoffrey has 28 writing credits and 20 for additional crew including "The Roosevelts:  An Intimate History" (2014), "Hemingway" (2021) and "The U.S. and the Holocaust" (2022).  See http://www.therealjohndavidson.com/2022/09/the-us-and-holocaust.html

David Cieri was the composer.  He has 63 composing credits, 11 for the music department and 2 as actor including "The Roosevelts:  An Intimate History" (2014) and "Hiding in Plain Sight" (2022).

Buddy Squires was the cinematographer.  He has 142 cinematography credits and 3 for directing including "Muhammed Ali" (2021), "Benjamin Franklin" (2022), "The U.S. and the Holocaust" (2022) and "Leonardo Da Vinci" (2024).  See http://www.therealjohndavidson.com/2022/02/muhammad-ali-by-ken-burns.html

Tricia Reidy was an editor.  She has 20 editorial credits, 3 for the editorial department and 2 for additional crew including "The Roosevelts:  An Intimate History" (2014) and "The U.S. and The Holocaust" (2022).

Peter Coyote was the narrator.  His last name was inspired after ingesting peyote and fitting in with his interest with indigenous culture.  Acting led him to many narrating roles including the 2002 Winter Olympics and many of Ken Burns productions.  He has 170 acting credits, 2 for producing and 2 for writing including "E.T. The Extra Terrestrial" (1981), "Jagged Edge" (1985) and "Erin Brockovitch" (2000).

Well known actors voiced different roles including Adam Arkin, Kenneth Branagh, Josh Brolin, Hugh Dancy,  Claire Danes, Tom Hanks, Damian Lewis, Matthew Rhys, Liev Schreiber, Craig Ferguson, Paul Giamatti, Lara Linney, Edward Norton, Jeff Daniels, Ethan Hawke, Samuel L. Jackson, Domhnall Gleeson, Mandy Patinkin, Tantoo Cardinal, Michael Keaton, David Oyelowo, Bill Camp, Morgan Freeman, Wendell Pierce, Meryl Streep, Maya Jasanoff, Annette Gordon Reed and Maggie Blackhawk, 

Historians explained different aspects of the Revolution.  Paintings of Revolution events were used.

I watched the PBS broadcast and it should be available in DVD and Blu-Ray.  You will need a lot of concentrated time to really experience it as there are a lot of details, many of which are barely known by the public. 

As usual I have bolded the first mention of films I have seen.  They are not necessarily a recommendation, but generally I found them worthy of my time.  If you follow the links you should be able to determine if a particular film is worth following up. 

Benjamin Franklin by Ken Burns

Benjamin Franklin is perhaps the most fascinating character in American history.  His accomplishments are overwhelming, but my interest is his thought process.  Ken Burns captures the essence in a four hour presentation which was shown on PBS stations and is available in DVD format.

He was done with school at age ten and had run away from home as a teen.  He became a very heavy reader.  As he matured he became an organizer and became interested in science.  At one point he became a postmaster and traveled to several states including southern ones.  From this experience he developed a feeling that the colonies should work closer with one another.

As a printer he started "Poor Richard's Almanac" which became very popular.  Partly because he included some sayings that became popular.  One example, "Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and rise."  He discussed the path to success analyzing the needed virtues and how to attain them.  He also developed a method for making difficult decisions that became known as the Benjamin Franklin method.

He was always a curious man. Electricity was fascinating and after many experiments he developed the concept of a lightning rod, which as saved many lives.  He also came up with the concept for a battery.  Another project for a relative was to invent a catheter improvement.  He also developed an improved wooden stove and would not accept a patent.  Later in life  he was taken with a musical performance with wine glasses and went on to invent the glass armonica which Mozart composed for.  At one time he was asked about the point of a man bearing balloon and replied "What good is a newborn baby?"

Prejudiced?  Like all humans he soaked in the beliefs of his environment--until he observed the unexpected and questioned them.  He owned slaves at one time and although he had joined anti slave groups for a long time he took it for granted they were incapable of serious discussion.  However when negro youngsters were sent to Philadelphia to learn to read, Franklin appreciated they had thinking ability.  

He also had a low opinion of the indigenous natives, but later was inspired by the Six Nations and their system of government.  He had been involved a little with the French and Indian War that resulted in the French losing territory that included Quebec City and parts of what later became American territory.  He also was involved with the negotiations and was very impressed with how the Six Nations handled themselves feeling that the American colonies should unite and have more power.

The War made the colonies more expensive than earlier thought and the British felt the settlers needed to help pay the extra costs. 

Benjamin Franklin went to London which he found very stimulating, socializing with such luminaries as Adam Smith and David Hume.  He admired the British Empire and wanted it to continue.  He campaigned for his son William and he was named to be governor of New Jersey.  After talking to Lord Howe as a Pennsylvania delegate he was offered state taxation but by this time was too late' he notion of taxation without representation had taken hold.

Maybe not surprising Benjamin Franklin was leaning the Loyalist way, but decided to be a "patriot."  He was the oldest at the Congressional meeting. He had tried to convince Canadians to side with American colonies. 

One of Franklin's contributions was to substitute he phrase "self evident" in place of "sacred" as Jefferson had originally written in the Declaration of Independence.  Part of the effort to separate the state from church.

The War of Independence was really a civil war with many families divided (including Franklin).  His son William remained loyalist.  Franklin was chosen to be envoy to France.  Seeking an alliance in France was very sociable, but he secured some treaties.   Also he met Voltaire, one month before his death.

After the American victory negotiations with England saw Franklin involved.  He dealt with tricky point of not including France in negotiations.  The Indigenous were disappointed with many leaving for Canada leaving a mark not far from where I live.  The Six Nations were granted land along the Grand River.  My two youngsters were born in Joseph Brant Hospital in Burlington.

At the 1787 Constitution conference Franklin was in committee to decide weight of states with different population.  Recognizing the north needed the south for the union he sought compromise.  Each state have 2 senators selected by state.  The House of Representatives membership was to be calculated with members of by population, but allowing blacks to be counted as 3/5 of non slaves.   He recognized faults and proposed agreement to be ratified by states.  He considered democracy an experiment that needed to be tinkered with.

He repaired relations with British friends, but not with son William.   On his 8th ocean crossing Franklin made scientific observations on trip back noting the influence of the Gulf stream.

He died in 1790, April 17th at age 84.  He attracted the largest Philadelphia crowd for his funeral with every church represented.   

A quote I carry with me "For having lived long, I have experienced many instances being obliged by better information or fuller consideration to change opinions, even on important subjects which I once thought right, but found to be otherwise."  Good advice.

My interest was started as a youngster when I was able to watch "Ben and Me" (1951).

A few years ago I was able to have a short Philadelphia visit and checked out Benjamin Franklin.   Check:  http://www.therealjohndavidson.com/2015/07/philadelphia-brief-adventure.html

Peace Pipe Dream

Just finished reading "Peace Pipe Dreams," by Darrell Dennis about two years after reading "The Inconvenient Indian."  They both should prick our conscience, but will probably only reach us "bleeding hearts liberals."

Descendents of Europeans don't spend much time worrying about the dilemma of modern day Indians.  For most of us the biggest concern is getting the politically correct title.  Native American, Native Canadian, aborigine or indigenous.  Legally speaking the original natives are split into First Nations, Inuit and Metis (which are really part European).

Darrell gives a bit of history of the image.  At one time Indians were seen as survival agents and then necessary allies and then backward and now just in the way.  They have been painted as strong and noble and also drunk and lazy.  Too many Canadians when they think of Indians are resentful of the "advantages" the Indians have.  The truth is they are unique individuals, that have and are contributing to our society.

Darrell Dennis is articulate with a comedic touch as he deals with several misconceptions regarding his fellow Indians.  He researched the historical background that developed these myths and makes them understandable.

When we (us non Indians) read about Indians demanding various things we often think it is pitiful they feel entitled and are so unreasonable.  We forget there was a reason for the treaties and they have not always been respected.  We resent they should feel they need control of more land and that apparently they aren't burdened with taxes.  Overlooking the fact that we have encroached on their land and used their knowledge, talents and bravery to help us get a toehold.  It wasn't long in our history before our European predecessors took advantage however they could with their technology and legal understandings.

Without the Indians the first Pilgrims would not likely have survived.  Trappers would not have prospered without the co-operation of Indians.  Different tribes were recruited by the British, the French and the Americans to help them tip the balance of power.  Many small events and more notable ones like the American Revolution and the War of 1812 involved deals with Indians to get their support.  Indians were tribal and considered themselves sovereign over different areas.  All sorts of things were promised and many of them not delivered.

Naomi Klein pointed out in "This Changes Everything" that some of the treaties are the best hope for environmentalists, but also warns that Indians often do not have the resources to fight for their rights.

In Canada, status Indians living on reserves are tax exempt.  But in fact most Indians do pay regular Canadian taxes and even status Indians do pay some taxes.  Darrel points out there are strict rules on qualifying.  We forget what the Indians did that we all benefit from.

Indians are too often pictured as wife abusers.  Darrel points that most tribes were actually matriarchal and respectful of women's opinions when Europeans first came to America.  It was actually the Europeans who kept women in their place.  For years the Indian Act discriminated against women so that if they married anyone other than a status Indian they lost their own Indian status and their children were ineligible.  Meanwhile if Indian men married outside their wives gained Indian status.

Alcohol is closely associated with views of Indians and in a negative way.  Many assume that there is some genetic defect that turns Indians into alcoholics.  Darrel sites research that disproves that theory.  He does go back into history into fur trading days when alcohol was very effective at inducing Indians to bring in more furs.  Most of the Europeans they dealt with tended to be binge drinkers and many Indians copied them.  After centuries of abuse many Indians find themselves as unwelcome outsiders and alcohol abuse is one outlet.  On the whole, Darrel points out most Indians are not extreme drinkers and there are many that avoid alcohol altogether because of the negative image.

Still another concern is that tribal politics are usually painted as corrupt.  Darrel concedes as with every group there are always some who take unfair advantage of their power.  But much of Indian elections is supervised by the government.  In fact much of the money that is supposed to be for the benefit of Indians ends up in bureaucratic politics.

In summary mainstream Canadians are mis-informed and inclined to believe negative stereotypes.  Part of it seems to be guilt, but we have to admit we are pretty ignorant about the realities and for some we don't want to think about the issues.  Darrel has done an excellent job going back to historical facts, making analogies and uncovering reality.  Indians were critical to our survival and we owe much to them, but more importantly they deserve to be part of a prosperous future.  This book raises many good points that Canadians (and Americans) need to understand.

THE AMERICAN GUN DILEMMA

Outsiders often look at Americans in amazement.  We cannot understand why they value gun ownership more than human lives.  Not just owning a gun for household protection or hunting, but semi-automatic weapons capable of killing dozens of people in less than a minute.  Of course that is a little over simplified, but the American discussion seems a bit unbalanced.

Here in Canada while we have had some violence in our history we actually got our independence through peaceful means.  The American second amendment is interpreted by many as a protection against state abuse.  The American Revolution, the taming of the "Wild West" were violent and made Americans conscious that possession of a gun could be an important ingredient for freedom.  Vigilantes and lynchings have a long history in the US.  Americans are one of the few remaining countries to allow executions.

The National Rifle Association presents itself as deeply concerned over constitutional rights, but in reality it is very self serving as they really represent gun manufacturers.  Of course they will benefit if our reaction is we need a gun to protect ourselves from all the bad guys out there.  As a salesman I have learned that fear is one of the most potent motivators.  Get a prospect to become aware of the danger of not buying whatever you are selling and they are more apt to pay attention.  For gun manufacturers fear is their best ally.  The bad guys have guns so you need guns to protect yourself.

The government itself is visualized by many as something to fear instead of something to provide protection and nurturance.  Nazi Germany could have been stymied if enough Jews had been armed goes one argument.  In fact politicians fear the National Rifle Association and many go to great lengths to win their endorsement.

One factor facilitating violence is income inequality.  As long as there is real hope of improving your standard of life, there is enough incentive for most people to play by the rules.  In the best of times there is envy of those in better circumstances, but worse when the scales tip too much.  It is not so much that the majority of people feel a need for survival, but some feel life is unfair and they are better off with their own rules.  One of the things people do as they get more wealth is to protect it.

Violent cultures from movies and video games have spread around the world.  The ancient Romans escalated their demands for excitement culminating in a variety of gladiator contests to the death.  We feel they were very barbaric, but in fact we in North America seem to be evolving in the same direction.  United States is not unique in its love of violence in sports, movies and video games.

Mental illness is a concern, but as I once heard, the mentally ill are more apt to be victims than perpetrators. As mental illness becomes more accepted as part of society we can deal more effectively with it.  Rosalynn Carter, former First Lady has given out journalism awards for covering mental illness in a positive manner to help remove the stigma.  Health insurance which should include mental illnesses, in the United States lags most other industrial nations.  Mental illness is a factor in gun violence, but is much bigger issue and much more serious.

I have mostly lived in cities, except for a two years of high school when I lived in a rural area.  The attitude towards hunting was something I was unfamiliar with.  Businesses close down or employees take holidays.  Hunting season is looked forward to and talked about the rest of the year.  It is not something its participants would willingly give up.  Hunters might be afraid of losing their life style, but in fact if something isn't done to curb urban violence at some point the efforts to deal with urban fear may affect rural life styles.

Americans are not as safe as much of the rest of the world, but seem to feel if they just get a gun they will be safer.  Of course it tends to be counter productive.  Guns may in fact keep some of them safer or their property more secure, but there is a price.  Homicides, suicides and fatal accidents all occur because guns are too easily accessible.  Fear and intimidation are not conducive to improving relations.

Citizens recognize concerns with cars and dogs and have taken steps to control their abuse. Lawmakers are very reluctant to impose any further restrictions on the use of guns.  Even so called assault weapons or multiple bullet systems are easy to obtain.

What can a politician do?   The gun lobby is very powerful and there are enough people who are fearful of danger that a politician can risk losing a contested election by not being pro gun enough. What can a private citizen do?  Joe Biden suggested there is no total solution, but that we ought to diminish the problem.  Voters need to make their concerns known, but perhaps more importantly they need to be educated.  Look around the world.  Some of the underlying causes of violence need to be dealt with including income inequality.

Freedom to own a gun is an imposition on other people who feel a need to protect themselves from gun owners (some of whom are not trustworthy) or want to keep up with the Joneses.